ML-DSA (Dilithium)
Definition
ML-DSA (Module Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm) is the NIST-standardized name for Dilithium, a post-quantum digital signature scheme published as FIPS 204. It provides quantum-resistant signatures with performance comparable to classical algorithms, making it suitable for high-volume signing operations.
Technical Explanation
ML-DSA's security is based on the Module Learning With Errors (MLWE) problem, the same mathematical foundation as ML-KEM (Kyber). The algorithm uses structured lattices to create efficient signature schemes with public keys around 1,312-2,592 bytes and signatures of 2,420-4,595 bytes depending on security level.
ML-DSA-44 provides NIST Security Level 2, ML-DSA-65 provides Level 3, and ML-DSA-87 provides Level 5. Signature generation and verification are fast—typically under a millisecond—making ML-DSA practical for applications requiring frequent signing operations.
SynX Relevance
While SynX chose SPHINCS+ (SLH-DSA) for transaction signatures due to its conservative hash-based security, ML-DSA remains a valid alternative for applications prioritizing smaller signatures. SynX's cryptographic agility enables future adoption of ML-DSA if desired.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is ML-DSA the same as Dilithium?
- Yes, ML-DSA is the official NIST standardized name for Dilithium (FIPS 204).
- Why doesn't SynX use ML-DSA?
- SynX prioritizes SPHINCS+ for its purely hash-based security with no lattice assumptions.
- Is ML-DSA quantum-safe?
- Yes, assuming the hardness of the Module-LWE problem against quantum computers.
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